EINSTEIN's IQ/CORPUS CALLOSUM STUDY ANALYSYS

Recently, I read an article in the "Guardian Express", regarding a study which indicated that Einstein's genius was related to the size of his CORPUS CALLOSUM(CC) in his brain. Factorial to this analytical solution was based on the "physiological distinction from that of the average individual, in part based on the structure of the corpus callosum". The CORPUS CALLOSUM STUDY, as it was depicted, indicated the following findings to support their "theory", as follows:



1-Left and Right hemisphere were atypical with enhanced connections
2- Anthropologist Dean Falk, Florida State University, collaborated in study
3-Corpus Callosum, a bundle of neuronal fibers connecting the two hemispheres
4-Weiwei Men of East China explored the "internal connectivity" for the first time
5-This process determined the relative thickness of the "CC" and was color coded
6-This color coded technique determined an approximation of the total neurons in both hemispheres
7-Conclusion was that a "thicker CC" suggested greater number of neurons
8-CC different regions implicated different "specialist functions", eg. movements of hands
9-Neurons along the posterior of the CC are implicated in mental arithmetic
10-Two sample groups were used
      a-over a dozen elderly men
      b-52 men that were Einstein's age in 1905(pivotal year in Einstein's scientific ideas)
11-Researchers found that Einstein's brain demonstrated more extensive connections in CC
12-This finding could explain some of Einstein's supreme intellectual abilities



Furthermore, Anthropologist Dean Falk analyze Einstein's brain(240 dissections) based on Harvey's autopsy photographs, based on visual analysis, as follows:



1-Greater intricacy and convolution patterns along the prefrontal cortex, visual, and parietal
2-The prefrontal cortex is critical in abstract thinking, decision making, and expression of personality
3-The parietal lobe is involved in sense and motor function
4-Falk found that the somatosensory cortex of Einstein's brain was increased by magnitude
5-This was attributed to Einstein's use of his left hand while playing his violin at the age of 13
6-A correlation was assessed between the cortical and musical aptitude



Another scientist, Sandra Witelson, from McMaster University, explained that the physiological differences in Einstein's neural tissue, "is that the actual pattern was different" and furthermore that his brain was "unique in anatomy".



One more article published by Marion C. Diamond and colleagues, from the University of California, called the 'Brain of a Scientist: Albert Einstein", found more microscopic cell counts in the ratio of glial cells to regular neuronal cells, in two parts of his brain.

In conclusion, the article surmised that Einstein's "thicker corpus callosum may have been influential and  responsible for his genius and that physiological factors played a part in shaping the
enigmatic theoretical physicist. Will it ever be another extraordinary MIND like Einstein's?



My subjective conclusions, as follows:

1-The CC is the largest white matter tissue of the brain, and a large nerve bundle
2-It crosses the midline above the level of the THALAMUS
3-Two more connections exist the ANTERIOR COMMISURE and HIPPOCAMPAL COMMISURE
4-Many other subcortical connections also cross the midline
5-The CC is the avenue of communication between the left and right hemisphere
6-Each point in the CORTEX is an mirror image of the opposite hemisphere
7-It also connects functional points in different cortical areas
8-Methods use to record electrical activity in the cortex are:
     a-EEG
     b-ECoG
     c-MEG
     d-fMRI
     e-fNIS
9-Neurophysiology of the brain the central nervous system(CNS) & peripheral nervous system(PNS)

   A-Central Nervous System (CNS)

   a-nervous system receives and transmits information
   b-CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord
   c-both hemispheres are contralateral and exhibit lateralization
   d-Major parts of the brain are the hindbrain, the midbrain and the forebrain
   e-Hindbrain
        1-medulla: controls breathing swallowing and balance
        2-pons: controls facial expressions, sleep and dreaming
        3-cerebellum: controls motor movements
   f-Midbrain:
        1-controls basic movements with sensory information
   g-Forebrain:
        1-Cerebral Cortex: receives sensory information and transmits motor information
             a-Occipital Lobe processes vision
             b-Temporal Lobe processes sound
             c-Parietal Lobe integrates the sensory involved with attention
             d-Frontal Lobe controls speech, learning, thinking, decisions, abstract thought
        2-Thalamus: relays sensory information to the cortex
           Hypothalamus: controls motivated behavior eg. eating drinking sex
           Basal Ganglia: regulates muscles contractions and movements
           Hippocampus: processes and receives long term and spatial memory
           Amigdala: controls emotion and evaluation of stimuli

    B-Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), includes all the nerves in the body Brain and Spinal Cord

        1-Somatic: Voluntary muscle movement and sense organs
        2-Autonomic: Involuntary movements and internal organs(ANS)
               a-Sympathetic System gets body ready for emergency action(SNS)
                   1-Superior Cervical Ganglion(SCG)
                       a-Maintains body homeostasis
                       b-Responsible for the use of ENERGY
                       c-Allows divergence in the neuronal pathway
                       d-Enables localized circuitry to control innervated targets
                       e-Only ganglia in the SNS that innervates the head and neck
                       f-Largest ROSTRAL GANGLIA
                       g-Innervates many organs, glands and the carotid system of the head
                       h-Location by the internal carotid and jugular vein
                       i-Stimulates cervical plexus nerves with GRAY RAMUS COMMUNICANS
                       j-Color is reddish-gray and at the C1-C4 cervical nerves
                       k-SCG are lateral of the spinal cord
                       l-Preganglionic neurons that enter SCG and synapse with the postganglionic neurons
                          a-LOW threshold neurons
                            1-secretomotor innervates salivary glands
                          b-HIGH threshold neurons
                             1-pilomotor neurons innervate blood vessels
                          c-POSITIVE for neuropeptide
                          d-NEGATIVE for neuropeptide
                      m-Innervations input from the CILIOSPINAL CENTER, locate it between C8-T1
                      n-Innervates Pineal Gland, carotid Artery, Eye, Skin Blood Vessels
               b-Parasympathetic System becomes active during states of relaxation(PNS)

NEUROPHYSIOLOGY: neurons are nerve cells

1-SOMA: stores energy for the cell(ATP)
2-DENTRITE: receives messages from other neurons and conducts towards the SOMA
3-AXON sends messages to other neurons
   a-axon terminals contain neurotransmitters
   b-myelin sheath insulates axons so that signals can travel quickly
       1-GLIAL CELLS create myelin and supports and guides neurons and repairs neurons
4-NEURONS are nerve cells
   a-axon terminals of the presynaptic neurons are stimulated
   b-terminals contain synaptic vesicles which empty neurotransmitters into the synapse
   c-neurotransmitters activate the postsynaptic and changes its voltage
   d-excitation stage is reached and the action potential occurs and the neuron is fire
   e-SYNAPSE gap between neurons where info is exchanged
   f-SYNAPTIC VESICLES neurotransmitters are stores here until release to SYNAPSE
   g-NEUROTRANSMITTERS chemicals stimulating neurons to communicate
       a-excitatory neurons are ready to fire
       b-inhibitory neurons not ready to fire
   h-EXCITATION THRESHOLD voltage difference causing the neuronal action potential(-55 mlv)
   i-ACTION POTENTIAL  brief electrical charge which  stimulates the axon to restart process



HUMAN BRAIN THERMONUCLEAR NEURONAL TRANSMISSION



The essential units which make the brain function as an energy organ and creates its basal metabolic rate and standard metabolic rate are the calories which are consumed through food(digestion and absorption and egestion) intake and water and amino acids(phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine,lysine, histidine)  and lipids and proteins and carbohydrates and micronutrients which converts to ATP and the generation of  glucose and storage  for growth and repair and tryptophan,  methionine, valine, threonine secretory products and metabolic waste  in the form of calories which convert to joules.
Joules to Watts formula is P(w) = E(j)/t(s) so that WATT = joule/second.
The WATT is defined as one joule per second and one calorie equals 4.18 joules. In terms of electromagnetism one WATT is the rate at which work is done when one AMPERE flows through an electrical potential difference of one VOLT.



The following formulas are imperative for comprehension of the totality of the process, as follows:

W= V . A

W = V2/U = A2 . U



The adult human brain weighs 3 lbs (1.5 kg) and a volume of approximately 1195 cubic centimeters with differentiation between males and females but with no correlation differences in IQ cognitive performance. It is estimated that it has 100 billion neurons or more and is interconnected with 100 trillion synapses although the exact numbers could be equivocal scientific analysis. The brain consumes about 20% of the energy produced by the body, more than any other organ. Its metabolism relies upon blood glucose as the energy source but during low glucose will use ketones for energy fuel. It will also use lactate during exercise. We know that long fatty acids can not cross the blood brain barrier(BBB), but the liver can break them down to produce ketones. The only ones that can penetrate the BBB, are fatty acid octanoic and heptanoic acids. Lastly , the brain does not store glucose in the form of glycogen. In conclusion, the brain represents 2% of the body weight and it receives 15% of the cardiac output and 20% of the oxygen consumption and consumes about 25% of the total glucose utilization. It has been proven that certain active regions consume more energy than others and deprivation in these areas can cause HYPOGLYCEMIA and loss of consciousness.



FLAWS WITH THIS STUDY - ANALYSIS



To infer that Einstein's brain was different relative to IQ because of the size of the brain and neuronal interconnectivity is vague. There was no comparative analysis with a retrospective and prospective analysis of a group of brains atypical to his characteristics. The study involving a few brains belonging to a same group class based on time relationship is inconsequential and not relative. The use of his left hand at an early age to play the violin does not correlate at all with size amplitude of his brain.. If every child that plays the violin in the world today would manifest the same outcome as Einstein's genius capability then it would be correlational. But that is not the case. The fact that Falk analyze the brain based on visual photo analysis is weak. Pictures do not show density and are not three dimensional. The somatosensory cortex in Einstein's brain was bigger. This peculiar detail is wrong based on the fact that his brain was immersed in formaldehyde a chemical compound containing Carbon Oxygen and Hydrogen which is soluble in water, an erroneous prerequisite omitted in the analysis. There is an inverse relationship analysis between size of his brain and the number of color coded neurons. There is no mentioned of the total number counted. Research has indicated that there are billions of neurons and synapses in the brain's cerebral cortex. Excluded in this numerical conclusion was the sample mean, sample variance, sample standard deviation, range of sample, mode of sample, median of sample and lastly conditional probability. In the University of California study, where more glial cells were found than neurons, glial cells are a support to the neurons and create myelin so that signals can travel quickly. Hardly, a justification to indicate IQ genius capability.



BRAIN METAPHYSICAL ANALYSIS AND BIO-NANO MICROBIOLOGY



There are implications much more complex at the macro molecular level which have not been given proper analysis about the human brain. As I mentioned before the brain functions because of micro nutrients and a very complex interaction between organic compounds and pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. More important is the neuropharmacology of these organic micronutrients and how influential are they to the overall autonomic and somatic nervous system functionality. As I mentioned before the autonomic controls involuntary activity and the somatic controls voluntary activity. The autonomic is subdivided into the parasympathetic system which has long preganglionic axons, originating from the sacral and cranial areas of the spinal cord and the short postganglionic axons stimulate the cardiac muscles and smooth muscles. In contrast, the sympathetic system has short preganglionic axons which originate from the lumbar and thoracic area of the spinal cord and it also innervates the adrenal medulla and the long postganglionic axons which innervate similar targets. An important ingredient is the ACETYLCHOLINE(ACh) in both systems.

The receptors that use ACh are called acetylcholine receptors and the synapses that use ACh are called cholinergic. Also note that there are two subdivisions of these receptors, the NICOTINIC RECEPTOR which is located in the autonomic ganglia and also a synapse in that area called neuromuscular junction. The other is the MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR which responds to an analog of ACh which is located in the hearT and vascular endothelium. One interesting fact, is that ACh is released by the sympathetic nervous system in its preganglionic axons, however in its postganglionic nerve are adrenergic and releases NOREPINEPHRINE(C8H11NO3),  which acts as a hormone and also as a neurotransmitter. As a neurotransmitter it binds to adrenoceptors as two different types, ALPHA RECEPTORS and BETA RECEPTORS. Please bear in mind that the extensive complexity of all these organic chemicals are all essential in the normal functionality of the human brain. The brain is sending, receiving and transmitting information constantly during the BETA WAVE, or wake state of the brain activity, measured by EEG as 12 to 30 Hz( cycles per second). It occurs on the motor cortex of the human brain. The other waves are, ALPHA(7.5 - 14 Hz deep relaxation), THETA(4-7 Hz light sleep), DELTA(.5-4 Hz deep sleep), GAMMA(40Hz high level of information processing). In total, there are five(5).  These brain frequencies controlled our reality and the thought patterns which we develop consciously or subconsciously and they do influence our brain, because they are an  integral part of  our "matrix circuitry frequency", and  ultimately are energy neurotransmitters.



So if we get back to Einstein's formula of  E=mc2 and its correlation to the human brain and its energy frequency functionality, we can then deduct that the energy that the brain contains is as he put it a "bundle of photons", or light particles somehow concentrated in one part of the brain,
the pineal gland, also refer to as the "seat of the soul". This is the derivation and concentration of this "human battery" which can be calculated as having its energy amplitude and its interactive symbiotic synergy with the "electromagnetic spectrum" around the body, which has been measured by using a voltmeter, this is what I called the human ERGO PSYCHE SOMATIC FACTOR.



PINEAL GLAND ANALYSIS AND HUMAN BRAIN INTERRELATENESS



In the brain components definition of the Pineal Gland(EPIPHYSIS CONARIUM), is known as the gland that secretes MALATONIN and is associated with the human brain circadian rhythms. But, the complexity of this gland is much more intricate and it deserves to be explained in detail. The first to explained it was Descartes. According to him it was a cone shape organ, and he called it the "principal seat of the soul". In other terms he thought to be the avenue between the human intellect and the body. He considered to be the only organ to exist as one, rather than one half of a pair. His corollary was that we can not think two thoughts at the same time. It was linear and the thoughts could be retracted and extrapolated in juxtaposition analysis. Because of its location, he considered it to locally centralized in the human brain with its carotid branches. Spinoza, criticized his premises. Bataille, thought it was a blind spot in Western Rationality.



The facts are that the pineal gland is a small endocrine gland, that produces serotonim, a derivative of melatonin.  During the metabolism of melatonin, PINOLINE(6-MeO-THBC)(PINEAL BETA CARBOLINE), is produced. PINOLINE is considered to be an antioxidant, a potential free radical and as a monoamine oxidase A inhibitor. A patent was developed by Bausch/Lomb to use PINOLINE as a drug to treat ophthalmic disorders. PINOLINE also protects the cellular membranes in the brain that has been affected by ALUMINUM TOXICITY which causes an increase in lipid peroxidation. The way it works is that LYPOPOLYSACHARIDES is produced by gram-negative bacteria and therefore stimulates the production of free radicals which in turn causes lipid peroxidation. PINOLINE reduces this contraindication and is more effective than VITAMIN E
in diminishing lipopolysaccharides in the human retina. The PRETECTUM(caudal diencephalon) is a midbrain structure which is composed of seven(7) nuclei and is part of the subcortical visual system.


However, the seven(7) primary nuclei are:


1-olivary pretectal nucleus (ON)
2-nuclei optic tract (NTO)
3-nuclei pretectal anterior(NPA)
4-nuclei pretectal medial(NPM)
5-nucleir pretectal posterior(NPP)
6-posterior limitans(PLi), receives retinal input aiding visual information
7-commisural pretectal area(CPA), receives retinal input aiding visual information



Overall, the PRETECTUM receives binocular input from photosensitive ganglion cell in the RETINA.

Another structure, the CENTRUM CELIOSPINALE, receives input from the pretectum and has output to the superior cervical ganglion(SCG). Its location is the intermediolateral cell columns of the spinal cord between C8 and T2. Its role is to control the iris dilator muscle.

Because of its involvement in the reciprocal bilateral projections of the retina, it does mediate the response of the retina to differences in light at the PUPILLARY REFLEX, OPTOKINETIC REFLEX and CIRCADIAN RHYTHM. Thus, it has been found out that the ANTERIOR PRETECTAL NUCLEUS mediates somatosensory and nociceptive information

 SEROTONIN, is a monoamine neurotransmitter, which derives from TRYPTOPHAN. It is found primarily in the GI Tract, platelets and the CNS. About 90% of serotonin is located in the enterochromaffin cells of the alimentary canal, where is used for intestinal movements. Part of the serotonin is synthesized in serotonergic neuron in the CNS. It does regulate mood, appetite, and sleep. SEROTONIN also has cognitive functions in learning and memory. The SEROTONIN is secreted by the enterochromaffin cells and then is thrown into the blood system. The blood platelets store it and release when the platelets bind to a clot. SEROTONIN is metabolize to 5-HIAA by the liver. Metabolism starts first with oxydation of monoamine oxidase to the corresponding aldehyde. This is  followed by oxidation of the aldehyde dehydrogenase to 5-HIAA, the indole acetic acid derivative. SEROTONIN is found in plants and fungi. In essence SEROTONIN is a neurotransmitter with the molecular formula C10H12N2O. The neurons of the raphe nuclei release 5-HT in the brain. There are a total of eight(8) raphae nuclei along the midline of the brainstem and centered around the reticular formation. The axons from the neurons of the raphe nuclei form a neurotransmitter system which reaches the CNS. Some axons of the lower raphe nuclei end up in the CEREBELLUM, while some others spread out in the entire brain. Then, SEROTONIN is released between the neurons and diffuses into a wide gap of greater than 20 um(one um equals to .00001 cm) in order to activate 5-HT receptors located on the dentrites, cell bodies and presynaptic terminals of adjacent neurons. The 5-HT receptors are located on the cell membrane of the nerve cells and mediate the effects of SEROTONIN as the endogenous ligand and of a broad range of pharmaceutical and hallucinogenic drugs. All 5-HT are G protein-coupled receptor(GPCR, also known as "seven membrane domain receptors").



GPCR ANALYTICAL EXPLANATION



This is a large protein family receptors which senses molecules outside and activate inside signal transduction relays that innervates cellular electrical and chemical activity. Another name use is the
TRANSMEMBRANE RECEPTORS because they pass through the cell membrane and they do it seven times each time(7TM). This G PROTEIN is found in eukaryotes animal cell structures. The ramifications or ligands are activated by light sensitive compounds such as pheromones, hormones, neurotransmitters and others which vary in size from PEPTIDES to PROTEINS. An important fact is that a large percentage of the modern synthetic drugs used by the pharmaceutical industry today targets the G-PROTEIN RECEPTORS. In the year 2012 the CHEMESTRY NOBLE PRIZE was issued to Kobilka & Lefkowitz for deciphering its function and impact. The two(2) pathways that transmit the signals are the cAMP(cyclic adenosine monophosphate, C10H12N5O6P, also a derivative of ATP) and the PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL(C47H83O13P) lipids that produce a negative charge at the physiological pH level primarily due to phosphate. It is also a sensory receptor.







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